Copying or enlarging camera.



J. BECKER.

COPYING OR ENLARGING CAMERA.

APPLICATION TILED APR.26,1912l Patented Jan. 26,1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

lnven tar J. BECKER.

COPYING OR ENLARGING CAMERA.

APPLICATION FILED APR.26. 1912.

1,126,353, Patented Jan.26, 1915.

Inmh tor J. BECKER. COPYING OR ENLARGING CAMERA. APPLICATION FILEDAPRZS, 1912.

1,126,353. Patented Jan.26, 1915.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

I Y\ :77! )w/A 7 in Inventar M fl m I Y lens side oi Fig. 3

UN gTATES PATEHT QFFICEO JOSEPH BECKER, OE.WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OFGOLUMBIA.

COPYING O R ENLARGING CAMERA.

Application filed April 26, $12.

To a?! lc/mm it val/y concern lie it known that l, lessen BECKER, acitizen of the United States, residing at li ashingrtcn, in the Districtof Columbia, have invented certain new and useful linprovemcnts inCopying or Enlarging Cameras, of which the following is a specification.4

The present application for patent is identified for convenience ofreference in my other applicationsas Case Y.

The main object of the present invention is to solve the mechanicalproblem that is ,-l1aving an internodal space NN of finite value.

lathe accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is a partly sectional elevation of acamera with mechanism that is capable of acting in ac cordance with theprinciples of Scheimpliugs diagram figure, Fig. 2, and also capa hie oima ring proper allowance for a relatively linite inter-i. dal distanceEN, the dilierent planes oit' s 'tion lJQilV- on the hroiccn line l, 3,l, .3 and :3 or 3. which a an view of the same ca. aa. Fig. a verticalsection oi the 'l'i hand transi'nission gcar uscd in th camera oli Figs.1 and as well as in all other herein (i emplated cameras; a similar viewof the cor-res icnding right hand transmission gear is obtained byholding a plane mirror on the and adding prime marks to all therehgrencc signs. Figs. '1 and 5 are respectively. a partial plan and apartly sectioned elevation of a amerz with mechanism capable of actingin-accordance with the principles of Scheimpllugs diagram figure. Fig.1-2. and also capable. of .making )l'l) ier allowance for a relativelylar e finite inter-nodal space Nli. i in. 5 is a plan of one oi the twoBoys transnussions that must be used in the camera 0t Figs. hand Fig.

l 75%.352. I Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Jan. 26, 3.915.;

Serial no. 693,390;

6 is a sectional elevation of parts belonging to a camera in everyrespect similar to the camera of Figs. l, 5 and 5, but provided withmeans to permit of imparting longitudinal displacements to the verticalend frame axes, in addition to all the other movements. 7

A characteristic feature of the Scheimpfiug cameras here considered,consists in that they have their two endframes pivotally mounted onvertical diametral axes O, Q, Fig. 2, which are themselves mounted toslide transversely of the camera bed in conjugate planes QC, CQperpendicular to the lens aXis; and such transverse displacements aremade at such rates as to insure that the one pivotal axis Q, shallalways coincide with the vertical conjugate image of the other Q. Duringthe transverse motions of such pivotal axes Q, Q, therefore. there mustnot only he a constant ratio QCKQC between the said transversedisplacements, but also an equal and equally constant ratio Q,R/Qllbetween the height of a linear image Qll, Fig. 1, formed on the imageframe axis and the height of its original linear element QR situatedinthe object frame axis; and this constant ratio (.Z/lV/QR is what I shallcall the axialeopyinn factor '21 in the drawings I show three distincttypes of camera. to wit: type one. l to 3, with axial copying: factor 11invariable and cry-1a! to unity; type two, Figs. 4, 5 and 5 with axialcopyingfactor "It invariable, but equal to one and three-tenths; typethree, Fig. (l, with axial copying factor at variable at will byfocusing.

Type one, Figs. 1 to 3.- -This type is founded on Scheimpflugs diagramfigure,

Fig. 2, in which the axial copying factor a is invariably equal tounity. This is to say, n:Ql/Qll:l. The bed of the camera is a massiveblock 50 having its ends grooved to form parallel slidcways for thetransversely movable carriages T, T. To the sides oi this bed 50 arefixed upright brackets 51, supportr r a lens frame 523 and a, on this alens which is tully defined for F, N, N and F are themselves stationaryand may be used as points 'of reference.

Onto carriage T are firmly bolted by long screw bolts 59 a table 60 andits supporting legs 61, 62 to form a solid whole with the carriage T;and onto'c'arriage T are similarly bolted bybolts 59 a table 60 with itssupporting legs 61, 62. Upon these tables 60, 60 are, respectively,pivoted the two end frames rs, ow of the camera; frame rs being pivotedon the vertical axis QX, Fig. 1, and frame me on the vertical axis QX.These axes QX', QX are thus mounted to move in the transverse verticalplanes QC, QC (Fig; 2) which are perpendicular to the lens axis CC. Thedistances CN, CN' of these transverse planes from the nodal points N, Nof the lens should each be exactly equal to twice the focal length f ofsuch lens as indicated at 2 in Fig. 1.

No restrictions whatever are placed as in Scheimpfiug (lines 48 to 74,page 3, and Figs. 1 and 2 of his German Patent 1611527) on the type oflens to be used; and to make this point perfectly clear the drawing ismade to show an unsymmetrical coinbination lens having an internodaldistance NN equal to eight-tenths of the focal length. If, therefore,the focal length FN be represented by 10, the inter-nodal distance NNwill be 8 and the distances UN, CN will each be 20. In order that theseaxes QX, QX shall remain conjugate, they are connected as in Scheimpfiugby mechanism that causes them to move simultaneously through equaldistances QC and QC, Fig. 2, away from the vertical medium plane CC ofthe camera. In Scheimpflug this mechanism consists in a centrallypivoted lever E; but in my device the lever is divided into two arms E,E pivoted to the camera bed 50 by pins n, n, the axes of which arecoincident with the vertical lines through the nodal points N, N of thelens. These arms E, E have equal rectangularly extending crank arms no,n 0 connected'by a link 0 0 equal in length to n n and to the internodaldistance NN.

The figure 0 0 n w, constitutes an articulated parallelogram whichobliges the arms .E and E to remain parallel, so that turnin arm E,for-instance, to increasepr to dec' ase the distance QC will turn arm Ethrough the same angle to simultaneously and by the same amount increaseor. decrease the distance QC. Throughout all movements of the'frames,therefore, an object QB in axis QX, Fig. 1, will have its conjugate andsharpest image formed in the opp'osite axis QX at QR, and QR remainexactly equal to QR.

The connection between arm E and its corresponding carriage T iseffected by larly yield will .means of a drum like casting 70, having astud like extension 71 fitted into the carriage T and pivotally held inplace by the retaining plate 72 and machine screws 73, as most clearlyseen in Fig. 3. Arm E passes diametrically through the drum 70 and isfitted to'slide smoothly through the drum while turning it on itscarriage T to move the carriage in its slideway on the camera bed.

The connections at the right hand end betweenarm E and carriage T aresimilar to those at the left just described, and are correspondinglyreferred to as 70, 71, 72. The vertical aXes Q, Q, Fig. 2, being thuskept in focus on each other if one of the end frames rs, for instance,be inclined so that its focal planeshall meetthe principal or nodalplane N in a point M, the opposite end frame to remain in focus shouldbe inclined to meet the nodal plane N at point M which is the image ofM. Frame ow is thus turned through an angle, plus 2', and frame rs isturned in counter clockwise direction through a generally differentangle, minus Now let an arm P be provided pivoted on the same axis Q asframe as, but adapted to form an angle plus 6 with arm E whenever frame719 has been turned through an angle minus a, plus indicating clockwiserotation and minus counter-clockwise rotation as before. Furthermore,let an arm P be provided pivoted on axis Q and adapted to form an angleminus 2' with arm E when frame am has been turned through an angle ,plusThen the triangles MNQ and QNL are similar and yield .Nl EQ NQ NM whenceV Q Q NL- The triangles 1 'NQ. and QNL simi- N NIII/ (0 But NQ, and NQare kept equal by the lever arms E, E and NM must be equal to NM, itfollows that the right hand members of equations (1) and (2) areidentical and that NL will always equal NL. Pins L and L are, therefore,provided to be moved in the principal or nodal planes NM,

in clockwise direction NM by a nut 30 on which they are mounted and thisnut is made to travel on a screw 31 which is mounted in the brackets 51,52,

'free to be turned by the handle 32, but held against longitudinalmotion by the split pins 33, 341.

It now remains to explain how the relative angular motions of arms P,are transmitted to the frame rs, and how the relative angular motions ofarms P, E are trans mitted to frame ow, this being the main feature ofthe present invention. Referring more particularly to Fig. 3, the drum70 has an annular depressed horizontal flange 7% in which is rotatablyseated the lower hori zontal flange 75 of a hollow cylinder 78. Q1 heflange 75 is held by the retaining ring 68 which is fastened to drum bymachine screws 00. To the upper end of the hollow cylinder 76 is firmlyattached a ring 7'? hayas radial extension, the arm P above reler ed to,and by means of which the eyl inder T6 may be turned with. relation todrum T0. The cylinder 70 carries a hori zcntal diametral spindle '78 onwhich is mounted the combined bevel and spur gear T9, 80. The. be elpart meshes with a. similar be el wheel 81 which is forme as a fixedpart or the drum T0 so that rotating arm P toward. the observe or inclockwise direction will cause the gear wheel "1'9, to .revolveindicated by the arrow. lhe spur gear 80 at the back or rising sideengages a straight rack 8'2 formed longitudinally in the recessed wallof cylindrical shell 8?;

ii Y S so which cannot rot-at in shell 7o, out is left free to rise orfall, according to the direc tion of rotation of arm 1' wit" a a m armE, l ml-- e liineter i c on one degree -aeters for n degrees of 1 l amillimeters for a counteritation of a deprees. ll) To ever an ation toii, the: might of shell 83 a gratis not changcc by rotating bot throughequal angles. The rela Palace rents of arms and E are, in "'anslatcdinto ver- I tical displacement aloethe axis Q51. 'lhese rotations is,through a. SWIYQl pm to inu arted to the 11.0, by 03 guided to rise l a80 which is s "ews 1ST.

mmetral spindle 8b with r and hovel gear wheel 80, yaw, 85) engages asimilar hovel wheel 01 and rages vertical racl' .\s the rack 32 ris s itturns the visihlo part of the gear wheel 99, $10 dow'nmu'dly as indicated by the arrow and this u'odu count er-clockwise rotation of bevelwheel 01, that is, count-enelocliwise as seen looliingdown- Wardly' froma point above the can'iera.

lV heel 91 is directly bolted to frame rs by its threaded shank 100,which passes through the sleeve 101 and washer 102 into the flangedclamp nut 103. Sleeve 101 is made a trifle longer than the bearingsleeve 105 of the cylinder 86 to permit of firmly clamping the parts 01,100, 101, 102, 103 firmly together and with frame rs to form a solidwhole without endwiseclamping the bearing 105, so that the wheel 91 andits frame is will revolve freely as one part in the bearing 105.

The four bevel wheels T9, 81, 39, 91 are all of the same size; and thetwo spur wheels 80, 90 are also alike; and accordingly any clockwiserotation of arm P with relation to arm E is transn'litted as an equalbut counterclockwise rotation to frame rs; or generally the relative,plus or minus, angular displacements of arm P with relation to arm E aretransmitted absolute, minus or plus, rotations of frame is. A purelyrelative angula displacement is thus finally t 'ansmitted as an absoluteangular displacement of equal extent, but opposite in direction. Such isthe principal mechanical problem implied, if not clearly stated, inScheimpflug, and my present solution is, to the best of my knowledge andbelief, the first satisfactory solution over propcsci'l. The angularpositions if the right hand end frame *rw are similarly controlled byparts which. so far as a t-pear in Fig. 1. have corresponding erehcell", 08, T0, T7, 83, 80,

and arm l. 1. pen/Zion o "f'y pe oiw.-The vertical t2 and Q, more in theplanes of unit agnificaticn QQ, CQ/ of the lens, Fig. 2, nd hey neverleave such planes. lhey are, moreover. moved and held by levers E and l0so that the ol'l'set QC shall always be opmsed and exactly equal to theoll'set QC'. Any part QR, l ig. 1, of the vertical axis Q, therefore.has its image Qll formed by the lens in the vertical axis The ratio(IjlV/Qll, liu. l. which. 1 have termed the axial copying latter.therefore. equals 1, and it remains 1 to all values of the horizontaloll'sot (QC. 4,5 l. in Fig. 2. This horizontal oll'sct QC. Q'C'. Fig. 2,is controlled exclusively by lovers l5 and ltl, and the oti settingaction of these levers it, E is entirely independent of the position oroperation ol arms l and l The inclination of tae end l'ran'ies we, ow.however, is jointly dependent upon the positions of lovers E, E

and arms l, P; or. solely dependent upon the values of the relativeinclinations naL and o Qlf, Fig. "2, of such arms and levers.

\Vhcn the nut 30 set to hold pins L and the relative and that of and theend or with their image planes QM, Q'M perpendicular to the lens axisCG, Fig. 2; and this is so for all possible values of the inclination oflevers E and E and of the horizontal offset CQ, CQ. In any such parallelrelation of the end frames any original outline mounted anywhere in theimage plane of the object frame rs is projected by the lens onto theparallel image plane of the image frame we, and this projected image isof the same outline or shape and of the same size as the original. Byturning handle 32, however. to shift nut 30 from its central positionthe arm P is inclined with relation to the lever E at an angle plus 6(+e), Fig. 2, for instance, and the end frame rs is inclined at thecorresponding angle minus e (e), these angles plus 6 and minus 6 beingopposite in sign, but numerically equal. At the same time the arm P wasnecessarily inclined with relation to the lever E at an angle minus 2'(-2') and the object frame r10 was inclined at the corresponding angleplus 2' (+6), these angles minus 2' and plus 1' being likewise oppositein sign, but numerically equal.

The co-varying angles .9 and 2' are always such that the image plane QMof rs and th image plane QM of cw, when produced, will always meet thenodal or principal planes of the lens in conjugate or directly oppositepoints M and M; and as axes Q andQ of these image planes are also alwaysconjugate, the two end frames rs, cw always remain sharply in focus oneach other for all positions of their axes Q, Q and at all possibleinclinations.

\Vhen the end frames rs, rw are inclined to each other as inFig. 2,therefore, the projected image is still sharply focused at every point;but the outline of such image is no longer of the same shape as theoutline of the original. and these changes in shape can evidently hevaried at will by changes made in angle a and by displacing the originalin the image plane QM of the object frame 7's, and such latterdisplacements permit of producing at the same time certain limitedchanges in the size of the image; all in accordance with the wellestablished geometrical principles of perspective, as the internedalspace NN simply oll'sets all lines of the image space through thedistance NN without producing any ch'tnge in their size or inclination.

/"l//)(3 two. Figs. =lto 5.--Here the copying factor n is alsoinvariable as in type one,

but it differs from unity, being equal to one and three-tenths (1. 3) inthe form selected for illiu-ti'ation. The two vertical axes Q and Q.must accordingly move in conjugate planes (3U, Q/(l, Fig. l, that arenot the planes o l unit nuignilication, but the mechanism of Figs. 1 to3 may still be used to act,

as in type one, in serving to keep the end frame rs turned through anangle of minus e degrees when arm P performs an angle of plus 6 degreeswith arm E; and in serving to keep the frame cw turned through an angleof plus i degrees when the arm P forms an angle of minus 2' degrees withthe arm E. The points M and M, however, where the focal planes of theend frames meet the principal or nodal planes NN' are no longer oppositeas they should be, but are, on the contrary, considerably offset as seenin Fig. 4C and must necessarily be so, as will be understood from thefollowing analysis. The similar triangles MNQ, and QNL,

Fig. l, with angle N in common, yield MNJSQ N Q N L whence NQXNQ 1 MNThe similar triangles MNQ and Q'NL' likewise yield the result Dividingequation (4) by equation (3) and noting that NL and NL' beingstructurally equal must cancel, we have ia; re 5. MN NQ By thislast-equation MN can only equal MN when NQ' equals NQ asin Figs. 1 and2. In all other cases they differ as the square of the copying factordiffers from unity. Thus in Fig. 4 where the copying factor is 1.3 theratio of M'N to MN is l.3 l.3. or approximately 1.7. In this case,therefore, it becomes necessary to resort to the principle of operationembodied in Fig. 2 of the said Scheimpilug United States patent. Incarrying out this principle I pivot inside of frame rs a smaller framers which should he held parallel to the opposite Elli responding sidesparallel by construction and, therefore, remain similar, yielding -WN.NQ tw ne? whence Q; N/Q/ and this, in View of equation 5, becomes '3 co2 Triangles and :W Q"N, l, are also always similar yielding and finallylVN- WN (8) That is to say, the object frame r's' and the image frame4/10 are always inclined soas to meet the principal or nodal planes N, Xin directly opposite and conjugate points W, .V. he inclination of theobject frame rs is indicated by angle, V! which equals the inclination+z' of the opposite larger frame vw; and the inclination of the imageframe v'w is indicated by angle W which equals the inclination e of theopposite larger vframe 7's.

Equations 1 to 8, it should be rated, apply strictly and exclusively tothe plan views, Figs. 2 and l, and not to the space figures which yieldsuch plan views by projection. It is accordingly necessary to providesome means for keeping the object frame rs parallel to its controllingframe cw; and means for keeping the image frame ow' parallel to itscontrolling frame To transmit these angular motions l m'-: ride pulleys130, 130 which are rigidly fastened to the larger frames 71%, ow to turnwith them; and equal pulleys 131, 131 which are keyed to turn with thespindles 132, 132, that are respectively fastened to the inside smallerframes rs 'uw. These different pulleys are connected by a suitable belttransm ssion such as that used in the Integrator of C. V. Boys, Fig. 2,page 344, of the article on pages 8-22 to as; of the London, Edinburghand Dublin Philosophical illag ai'ne for -May, 1881.

The Boystransmission used for keeping the inside frame o'w parallel tothe ntside frame as is shown in Fig. as comprising two links 1&0, HQwith a loose pulley ll) of the same diameter as pulleys 130 and 131.Polk 1-12 is connected to pulley 139 by aloelt 1:43; and to pulley 131by second belt H3. The links ill), lltl" are preferably made ot equallength and this mast be a little longer than half the greatestcontemplated separation of spindles 132, 132. TheBoystransmission usedfor keep ing the inside frame rs parallel to the outside frame cw is thesymmetrical duplicate of Fig. 5 obtained by holding a plane mirror inthevertical plane of axes 132, 1315 and by changing the reference Igns 130and 7 5 131, respectively, to 1.3]. and 130. 'lhis pair of Boystransmissions permits of making all desirable changes in the positionsof axes Q and Q,-Fig. without in any way distnr Jig the inclination ofany one of the four connected frames rs, r2 1, rs and ow, except. asrequired by the changes that the disp acement of axes Q and Q. may haveproduced in angles plus a (+9) and minus 2' i}.

The type two camera can be constructed to have an axial copying factorat equal to. one, but in this case it becomes a needlessly complicatedequi zlent of type Operation of time Zwo.-1he camera at type two," to ismechanically much more complicate than the camera of 3 pc one, l igs. lto 3, but the final result is hstzmtially the same as descrihed aboveunder the heac. llperation of type one. The only iliilerencee to benoted are that the end frames proper of type two are not re and 1:20,but 9 and rw; also "that when these end frames r's' and 'vw parallelrelation. perpendicular to the lens axis ((7, the sin'iilar projectedimage isno longer equal to the original, bat has all its linear elementsmultiplied by n, or one and three-tenths in t camera chosen forillustration.

Type three, (l.l.he axial factor a in type three, Fig. 6 is rariao atwill. This camera is made by simply t a camera type two, li 5*, andsubstituting for the base or b Fig. 5, the combination in? base an:-

ll and ll of Fig. 6. The slides ll, are longitudinally movable in waysV, J oi base Y, and they may he so moved to set and hold the verticalaxes Q and Q in any preferred pair of conjugate planes. This is done byfocusing in any preferred manner with a ground glass or by automaticfocusing gear as in the combined to msing and tilting gear of my Case Ltlerial Flo.

ing factor n equal one, its eflects are virtually the same as those oftype one.

In converting a type two camera into a type three camera the onlyprecaution to be observed is to see that the links 140, 1&0 of Fig. 5",the levers E, E of Fig. 5 and the arms P, P of Fig. 5 are all of theproper lengths required to permit the extreme contemplated displacementsof U, U, T and T.

Note 1: Figs. 1, 1, 1 1, 2 and 2 of the said Scheimpflug United StatesPatent No. 752,596 correspond, respectively, to Figs. 5 to 10 of theScheimpfiug German Patent No. 16t,527 of 1905; also, respectively, toFigs. 17, 17 17 17, 18 and 18 of the Scheimpfiug British Patent No.1,196 of 1901; but this German patent and this British patent do notseem to disclose anything more for present purposes than appears in thesaid United States patent, except that the German patent contains theclearest written description.

Note 2: In view of Figs. 8 to S of the Scheimptlug Austrian Patent N20,299 of 1905, showing an enlarging camera with a funiculartransmission for cross-connecting the two pivoted end frames rs and1:40, with oppositely pivoted mirronframes Z Z it would seem that mypulley 1&2, Fig. 5, could be mounted to slide on top of the lens frameas a plain sliding belt tightener inside of a single continuous beltsurrounding the three pulleys 130, 131 and 1 12; but such combimitionwould be inoperative for pres ent purposes, as no change could be madeinthe distance separating the two axes 132, 132 without rotating at leastone of the two connected frame pulleys 130, 131.

Note 3: The transmission gear of Fig. 3 or some equivalent means forconverting the relative lever inclinations plus or minus 6 (ic) intoabsolute object frame inclinationsminus or plus c (3%) and a duplicateof such transmission for converting the relative lever inclinationsminus or plus i ($i) into absolute image frame inclinations plus orminus (it); together constitute an indispensal'ile part of every typeone, type tv go or type three camera herein considered or referred to.

\Vhat I claim, therefore, as my invention and desire to secure byLetters Patent is:

1. The combination with a photographic copying or enlarging camerahaving its end frames pi votally mounted on parallel axes; oftransversely movable supports for such axes, and means for moving suchsupports to carry such pivotal parallel axes in opposite directions awayfrom the longitudinal median plane of the camera through distances thatare proportional to the con jugate nodal distances of such pivotal axes,and means for simultaneously turning such end frames on their saidpivotal axes in opposite directions and in such manner as to cause theimage planes of such end frames to meet the principal or nodal planes ofthe lens in opposite conjugate lines of such principal or nodal planes.

2. The combination with a photographic copying or enlarging camerahaving its end frames pivotally mounted on parallel axes coincident withconjugate axes of their two image planes; of transversely movablesupports for such axes, and lever arms acting on such supports wherethey are met bysuch pivotal axes to move such supports in oppositedirections away from the longitudinal median plane in the camera throughdistances that are proportional to the conjugate nodal distances of suchpivotal axes; and other arms pivotally mounted onsuch same pivotal axesto rotate such end frames in up posite directions through anglesdetermined by the relative inclinations of the two sets of operatingarms, and means for transmitting such relative angular displacements ofthe said arms to the said end frames, such transmitting means comprisingmeans for first translating such relative angular displacements aslongitudinal displacements along or parallel to the axes of rotation ofsin-l3 end frames.

The combination with :1 copying or err larging camera having its object,lens and image frames connected by mechanism to produce simultaneoustransverse displacements of such end l'ramcs, such mechanism comprisingmeans for transferring motions from the one end 'l'rai'nc to the other,such means having two pivotal axes respectively lorah-d where ameridianal plane of the lens meets its two nodal planes.

4. lhe combination with a copying or enlarging camera comprising a lensframe, and two end frames mounted to rotate on axes that are paralleland adjustable to vary their distances from the longitudinal medianplane oi the lens. of nna-hanism connecting said end frames and adaptedto cause them to revolve simultaneously in opposite directions-so as tomeet the principal planes of the lens in conjugate points ill. M.

in testin'iony \vhcreol, l have signed my name to this specification inthe presence of two subscribing witnesses.

JOSEPH BECKER.

Witnesses H. l. llowann, J12, .miucxcn Mitten.

